Structural, Defect, and Energy-Transfer Mechanisms in Re3+/ Tr2+ Co-Doped Camoo4 Phosphors for Marine Vessel Design and Construction Applications: A Review

Abstract

Rare-earth and transition-metal co-doped functional materials have attracted increasing interest in marine engineering due to their potential applications in smart coatings, structural health monitoring systems, and energy-efficient lighting technologies onboard vessels. Among these materials, Re³⁺/Tr²⁺ co-doped CaMoO4 phosphors have emerged as promising candidates because of their excellent luminescent performance, thermal stability, and chemical resistance under harsh marine environmental conditions. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the functional behavior of Re³⁺/Tr²⁺ co-doped CaMoO₄ phosphors and their integration into marine vessel design and construction applications. Emphasis is placed on structural stability, defect formation, and energy-transfer mechanisms that influence durability, signal sensitivity, and optical performance in marine operational environments. The discussion highlights the roles of rare-earth ions (such as Tb³⁺, Eu³⁺, Dy³⁺, and Er³⁺) in enabling sensing and illumination functionalities, along with the synergistic effects of Tr²⁺ ions including Mn²⁺ and Ni²⁺ in enhancing emission efficiency and environmental resistance. Finally, potential applications in marine navigation lighting, anti-corrosion smart coatings, hull monitoring systems, and offshore structural components are summarized, together with future research perspectives on material optimization, large-scale fabrication, and longterm performance reliability.